The Analogue Communications Lab are a collection of self contained boards that can be used together to form a comprehensive series of digital experiments and provide the requirements for gaining an understanding of digital communications. The boards have built in power supplies, test points, switched faults, inputs, outputs and functional blocks.

7501 – DSB/SSB AM Transmitter Datasheet (PDF)
7502 – DSB/SSB AM Receiver Datasheet (PDF)
7503 – Frequency Modulation/Demodulation Datasheet (PDF)
7504 – FM Communication Datasheet (PDF)
7505 – Noise Audio/Amplifier Datasheet (PDF)
7507 – Four Channel Analogue TDM Datasheet (PDF)
7511 – Frequency Division Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Datasheet (PDF)
7408 – Audio Input Module Datasheet (PDF)

The Antenna Trainer System is ideal for introducing the principles of Antenna operations and design. The ATS7261 training system includes a set of modular mechanical elements forming various antennas, a transmitter unit and a detector unit. The Antenna Training System comes with a motorised antenna unit that allows for the automated recording of radiation patterns of the antennas. This operation is normally performed by rotating the transmitting antenna at different angles by hand and measuring the radiated intensity.

The motorised antenna unit consists of a microcontroller based system for capturing, displaying and printing of the antenna radiation patterns. The system captures a signal at an interval of ten rotations driven by a stepper motor and the radiation pattern is then displayed on the PC.

Experiments

• Arranging the trainer and performing functional checks
• Perform a modulation and demodulation test
• Plotting the polar graph/radiation pattern of an antenna manually
• Plotting a polar graph/radiation pattern of an antenna using the software
• Simple dipole l/2, l/4 and 3l/2 antenna
• Folded dipole l/2 antenna
• Yagi-UDA 5 and 7 element simple dipole antenna
• Yagi -UDA 3, and 5 element folded dipole antenna
• Hertz antenna
• Zeppelin antenna
• l/2 Phase array (end fire) antenna
• l/ 4 Phase array (end fire) antenna
• Combined co-linear and Broad side array antenna
• Log periodic antenna
• Cut paraboloid reflector antenna
• Loop, Rhombus, Ground plane, Slot and Helix antenna
• Perform polarisation test
• Variation in the radiation strength at a given distance from the antenna
• Reciprocity theorem for antennas
• Matching stub
• SWR measurement
• Antenna current sensor

The BFOT is designed to teach the basics of Fibre Optics. The unit demonstrates properties of Fibre Optics transmitter and receiver, characteristics of Fibre Optic cables and different modulation/demodulation techniques. A number of experiments are included in the workbook and the BFOT can also be used to demonstrate various digital communication techniques via Fibre Optic link using the range of digital communications trainers.

Experiments:

• Fibre optic analogue link
• Fibre optic digital link
• The relationship between the input signal and received signal in a 650nm fibre optic analogue/digital link
• AM system using analogue and digital inputs
• FM and PWM modulation systems
• Propagation loss in optical fibre
• Bending loss in optical fibre
• Measurement of numerical aperture
• Characteristics of E-O converter (LED)
• Characteristics of fibre optic communications link
• Measurement of power using optical power meter
• Characteristics of E-O converter using optical power meter
• Propagation loss using optical power meter
• Setting of fibre optic voice link using AM-FM and PWM
• Study of switched fault in AM-FM and PWM systems
• Determination of the bit rate supported by the fibre optic link
• Determination of the sensitivity of the fibre optic link
• Determination of power margins (Power budget)
• V-I characteristics of photo LED
• Characteristics of photo detector
• Measurement of bit error rate

The 7406 data formatting and carrier modulation transmitter trainer is a digital communication system which efficiently explains all communication processing steps involved in digital transmission and reception of analogue signals. Various digital modulation techniques such as ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, QPSK etc can be implemented using combinations of the 7406 and 7407 trainers.

In order for this unit to work correctly the 7407 carrier demodulation and data reformatting receiver is required.

Experiments:

• Data formats
• Amplitude shift keying
• Frequency shift keying
• Phase shift keying
• Differential phase shift keying
• Quadrature phase shift keying
• Differential quadrature phase shift keying

The Digital Communications Lab are a collection of self contained boards that can be used together to form a comprehensive series of digital experiments and provide the requirements for gaining an understanding of digital communications. The boards have built in power supplies, test points, switched faults, inputs, outputs and functional blocks.

7401 – Sampling and Reconstruction Datasheet (PDF)
7402 – Pulse Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation Datasheet (PDF)
7403 – TDM Pulse Code Modulation Transmitter Datasheet (PDF)
7404 – TDM Pulse Code Modulation Receiver Datasheet (PDF)
7405 – Delta, Adaptive Delta and Delta Sigma Modulation/Demodulation Datasheet (PDF)
7406 – Data Formatting and Carrier Modulation Transmitter Datasheet (PDF)
7407 – Data Reformatting and Carrier Demodulation Datasheet (PDF)
7408 – Audio Input Module Datasheet (PDF)
7409 – Audio Output Module Datasheet (PDF)
7410 – PAM-PPM-PWM Modulation and Demodulation Datasheet (PDF)
7411 – 8-Bit Binary Data Generator Datasheet (PDF)

The 7502 DSB/SSB AM receiver trainer is part of an analogue communication range which provides all the necessary inputs, test points and connections for experimentation. The 7502 trainer teaches students the basics of DSB/SSB Amplitude modulation and transmission systems through measurement of voltages via the on-board test points.

The 7501 DSB/SSB AM Transmitter is required to work with this unit.

Experiments

Automatic Gain Control:

• Double Sideband AM Generation
• To calculate modulation index of DSB wave by trapezoidal pattern
• Double Sideband AM Reception
• Study of Diode Detector

Single Side Band Transmission:

• Signal Sideband AM Generation
• Single Sideband AM Reception.
• Operation of the Automatic Gain Control Circuit (AGC)

Receiver Characteristics (Selectivity, Sensitivity, Fidelity):

• To plot selectivity curve for radio receiver
• To plot sensitivity curve for radio receiver
• To plot fidelity curve for radio receiver

The 7503 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation trainer is part of an analogue communication range which provides all necessary inputs, test points and connections for experimentation. The 7503 trainer provides the students with an introduction into frequency modulation/demodulation and various experiments can be performed to teach the students the process of FM generation and detection. The students will interact with the trainer by observing the waveforms and signals via various on board test points.

Experiments

• Frequency Modulation using Varactor Modulator
• Frequency Modulation using Reactance Modulator
• Operation of Detuned Resonant Circuit
• Operation of Quadrature Detector
• Operation of Phase-Locked Loop Detector
• Operation of Foster – Seeley Detector
• Operation of Ratio Detector

The 7511 Frequency Division Multiplexer/Demultiplexer trainer is part of an analogue communication range which provides all the necessary inputs, test points and connections for experimentation. The 7511 demonstrates FDM techniques by transmitting a single communication line through two different modulated inputs.

The Laser fibre optic trainer is part of our communication range, the LFOT teaches students the principles of Laser diodes, optical fibres and optical communication. Students can use the LFOT trainer to transmit via optical cables or free space while enabling the student to observe the output signals. The unit teaches the students the concepts of laser technology in an easy and practical way.

Experiments:

• Characteristics of laser diodes
• Study of ACC and APC modes of operation
• Design and evaluation of a laser diode linear intensity modulation system
• Transmission of Laser through an optical fibre
• Laser Free Space Communication
• Determination of Numerical Aperture of Optical fibres

The Local Area Network Trainer provides the student with an understanding of the fundamentals of networking. Student gain a knowledge of the different network layers, cable design and the building of complete networks used in computing. The student can understand and implement various topologies using different IEEE standards. Connections can be made in different topologies and data can be transferred. Topics covered include the protocols and topologies used in networking, measurement of error rate, throughput and the effect of errors on protocols. The versatile software provided with the LANT will allow the student to observe the various effects and configurations on network along with the graphical representation.

Experiments:

• Addressing in TCP/IP
• PING Command
• Implementation of cable designs in Networking
• Implementation of PC to PC with IEEE 802.3
• Implementation of Peer to Peer Network
• Implementation of Client- Server Network
• Implementation of Star topology using 100Base Tx
• Implementation of Bus topology using 10Base2
• Implementation of Ring topology using DB9
• CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
• Token Ring Protocol
• Token Bus Protocol
• Flow Control
• Socket Programming
• Wireless LAN

The Bytronic 7410 PAM-PPM-PWM pulse modulation/demodulation trainer can be used to study Sampling, Pulse Modulation, Demodulation and Signal reconstruction processes. Separate circuits are provided for each technique.

Experiments:

• Pulse Amplitude Modulation using natural and flat top sampling
• PAM using sample and hold sampling
• Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation with sample, sample and hold and flat top
• PPM using DC input
• PPM using sine wave input
• PPM demodulation
• PWM using different sampling frequency
• Pulse Width Demodulation
• Voice link using Pulse Amplitude Modulation
• Voice link using Pulse Position Modulation

The 7404 is one of a range of digital communication trainers and provides all necessary inputs and connections for students to study decoding and demultiplexing of data transmitted by model 7403, the pulse code modulation transmitter. On-Board PLL provides regeneration of clock. Synchronization between transmitter and receiver is provided by pseudo random code.

Experiments:

• Study of pulse code modulation
• Study of A/D conversion
• Study of control signals and their timing
• Study of time division multiplexing
• Study of synchronization by pseudo random code
• Study of error check codes
• Three modes of operation to regenerate original signal

The unit is one of a range of digital communication trainers and provides all necessary inputs and connections for students to study signal sampling and reconstruction techniques.

Experiments:

• Sampling and reconstruction of signal.
• The effect of II order and IV order low pass filter on reconstructed signal.
• The effect of sample amplifier and sample and hold amplifier on reconstructed signal.
• The Nyquist criteria for sampling and reconstruction of signal.
• The effect of sample /hold circuit on reconstructed signal
• Effect of sampling pulse duty cycle on the reconstructed signal in sample and sample hold output.
• Comparison responses of 2nd order and 4th order LPFs.
• Verification sampling and reconstruction data transmission scheme for

The Satellite Communication Trainer 7272 provides an in-depth study of a basic satellite communication system. It consists of an Uplink Transmitter, Satellite Link and Downlink Receiver, which can be conveniently placed in the laboratory. The satellite can be placed at an elevated position if required. The satellite transponder receives signals from an Uplink Transmitter and retransmits at different frequencies to a Downlink Receiver. The Uplink and Downlink frequencies are selectable and carry three signals – Video, Audio, Voice and Data simultaneously. Any broadband signal, digital/analogue data or function generator waveforms can be communicated through the Satellite link.

Experiments:

• Understanding the concepts of satellite communication
• Establish a direct communication link between Uplink Transmitter and Down link Receiver using tone signal
• To setup an active satellite link and demonstrate link fail operations
• To establish an audio-video transmission through a Satellite link
• Study base-band analogue signal (voice) in satellite link
• Transmission and reception function generator waveforms through satellite link
• Transmission tone through satellite link
• Establish PC to PC communication using satellite Communication Link

The Mobile Phone Trainer provides basic theory and working fundamentals of a 2G handset based on one of the most popular handsets, the Nokia 3310/3315. The MPT provides network, power supply, charging and user interface circuits for the detailed block study

Experiments

• To study and measure frequency band
• To study and measure the GMSK signals such as Tx I /Q, Rx I /Q
• To study and observe the system CLK
• Observation of Audio signal
• To study and measure the Power supply
• Study of charging phenomena with fault insertion
• Study and measure PWM signal of Ul circuit such as Vibrator, LED, Buzzer
• Measurement of LCD with fault insertion
• Keypad study with fault insertion
• Observe and measure of the SIM Card CLK with fault insertion

The 7411 can be used with the 7406 and the 7407 as a data input generator. The 7411 can also used as an 8-bit variable TTL data generator independently. The 7411 can produce an external clock (TTL) up to 1MHz that is available from at the clock out socket on the front of the unit. Normally it operates on an internal 240KHz clock.